Techno-economic assessment of SOEC: Identifying potentials for grid integration
Power to Gas (P2G) technology is envisioned to play a dominant role in future hydrogen production from renewable electricity sources, thereby providing an efficient route for replacing fossil fuels. While there is a general agreement on the importance of water electrolysis for hydrogen applications in future, it is worth noting that the views on commercial deployment of this energy storage vary widely among stakeholders and manufacturers. The primary chal- lenges of this technology, especially for the solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), include high capital cost of the electrolyser unit and auxiliary systems, improving energy efficiency, prolonging stack lifetime by reducing the effects of thermal stress. The following report takes an in-depth look at the realistic scope of SOEC commercializa- tion for mid-term (2030-2040) Danish power system. Given the wide range of topics covered by the broad aim placed in this work, discussions are focused to three selected topics. These are efficiency, ramping ability, and economic attractiveness of SOECs. There are several factors that can influence stack efficiency. It can be beneficial to apply an operating strategy to minimize waste heat generation. Additionally, presence of facilities nearby providing steam directly to the SOEC inlet can largely enhance system performance. In order to counteract the excess heat generation within the stack, a new operating strategy is proposed here that allows for continuous system modulations while balancing internal heat of the stack. If the cell temperature is maintained at the operating temperature, fast regulation abilities can be achieved with power shifting from 0% to 100% within a few seconds. This ramping flexibility opens up new opportunities for energy market players, especially those willing to offer secondary and tertiary reserves in the intra-day electricity market.